Absolute Statement Fallacy

Reporter: Fuentes, Mary Rose S. 6. Confusion of Absolute Statement – this fallacy is committed when one argues from the truth of a general principle to the truth of specific case. The specific case may even be an exception the general law. Let us keep in mind, there are always exeptions to general principles. A universal principle is coined in view of normal and ordinary circumstances. But there may be exceptional conditions where the force of universal principle may be waived. Example: To kill is morally criminal. (universal law) But in self-defense, one may kill. (specific case)Therefore, self defense is morally criminal. The result is an invalid conclusion, rendering the argument fallacious. 7. Confusion of Qualified Statement – this fallacy consists in concluding from the truth of a proposition which is good only under certain circumstances of time, place, or condition to the truth of the same thing under all circumstances. Example: Some Catholics are bad. But Mary and Joseph are Catholics Therefore, Mary and Joseph are bad. In the example, it is true that â€Å"some Catholics are bad†. But from this premise, one cannot conclude rashly that Mary and Joseph are bad just because they are Catholics.They are not necessarily included in the â€Å"Some Catholics†. They can be out of that group. One cannot conclude a universal truth from a particular truth. Ther is confusion of qualified statement. 8. Arguing Beside the Point (Ignoratio Elenchi) – this fallacy is an argumentation that escapes the point of issue, and instead resorts to some kind of alibi to prove or disprove something. Actually it does not prove or disprove because the argument evades the question. It ignores the point of at issue, hence called â€Å"ignoratio elenchi†. This fallacy appears in different guises. a. Argument Ad Hominem (appeal to the individual) – the allacy evades the point of the issue and attacks the personality of the opponent. In truth, it is a biased argument, for it takes the character defects of the opponent instead of concentrating on the question. Example: The Igorots are not real Filipinos because they live in the mountains. The argument is false because living in the mountains is taken as a reason to conclude that â€Å"Igorots are not real Filipinos†. Regardless of the place of residence, whether mountains or plains, or even in seas, as long as it is part of the Philippine territory and that the resident was born here, the Igorots remain as true Filipinos. . Argument ad Populum (appeal to the people) – the fallacy employs an appeal to the passion of the people for their biased favors, evading the issue on question. Example: The husband of the candidate is related to the governor, so let us vote for her. In the example, you will notice that the motives of the campaigners and voters are out of the regionalistic feelings and pity, respectively. Reasoning is out of place here. Instead of fo cusing on the qualities and abilities of the candidate, the focus was on regionalism and compassion.The argument is fallacious in reasoning. c. Argumentum Ad Misericordiam (appeal to pity) – the fallacious argument puts aside reason and resorts to pleading for mercy and compassion, which is emotional in nature. Example: Let us give a passing grade to Pedro because he has one leg . The fallacious statement has pity as the motivating factors of the argument. d. Argument Ad Verecundiam (appeal to respect/authority) – the fallacy takes the status and the influence of the person as the point of argument putting aside the merit of the issue.Oftentimes the prestige and authority is invoked to justify or prove something. An element of paternalism is present. Example: Abortion is not immoral because the Secretary of Health says it so. The position of the health secretary is not outright moral guarantees to justify the immoral act of abortion. After all the health secretary is n ot an expert and authority in matters of morality. e. Argumentum Ad Baculum (appeal to might) – physical force and moral pressure are resorted to in the argument a means to attain an end, again deviating from the real issue.The point is to scare or force people to accept or be convinced. In this context, reason is out of place; hence, the argument is rendered fallacious. Example: I go to school because my parents will scold me. While the statement contains some moral truths, strictly speaking, the real moral issue is overshadowed or missed. Scolding or fear of being scolded should not be the priority motive for going to school. Personal growth, development, and improved quality of living should be the dominating motivations in going to school. Similar essay: Difference Between General Law and Special Law

My Philosophy of Ministry Essay

My philosophy of ministry is to teach believers, through teaching the Bible, and training leaders. So, that they may, in turn, teach others to be rooted and built up in Him as seen in Colossians 2:6-7. The first part of my philosophy of ministry is to teach believers in the knowledge and the ways of Jesus Christ. Every member in the church has gifts. They need to understand their gifts and if you have the gift to teach, be trained in the work of the ministry. Teaching God’s people to do the work of the ministry takes place through the teaching of Scripture (2 Tim. 3:16-17). The second part of my philosophy of ministry is to train leaders. A leader in the church is a godly servant who is influencing others in the church. Building leadership development in the local church is vital to the continual growth of the ministry (Acts 6: 3-4; 2 Tim. 2:2). I want to always be in the process of training individuals and preparing them to step into a leadership position. The leadership training process needs to include not only theological study and â€Å"hands-on† involvement, but community and relationship development as well. My philosophy of ministry desires to see believers become mature disciples of Christ that are equipped to reach out and show Christ to a lost and dying world. Realizing that the first step in any philosophy of ministry must be establishing priorities, I have established the following personal priorities. The personal priorities must be firmly established and followed through on. Personal Priorities: (1) Seek God first as the central priority in life. (2) Model a character of Christ. Jesus Christ set an example that all Christians should follow. (3) Model the great commission by doing the work of an evangelist (4) Lead others by establishing loving relationships. People make life changing decisions during unique occasions of challenge and reflection. 5) Bible study, prayer, and spiritual preparation for teaching. Lack of fruitfulness and lack of vision in the church are due to lack of spiritual leadership. I define myself as a leader and a teacher in my local church. I teach the people of my church old Jewish traditions, so we understand more of why Jesus did some of what he did. Also, the Old Testament was written to show history of Jesus’s genealogy, but also what was foretold of Him. I am the Director of the woman’s ministry, and the Awana program for the children to help them learn Bible verses at a young age.

Cue for Treason by Geoffrey Trease Essay

A hero is someone idolized by others for their outstanding achievements and qualities. Everyone has their own meanings of the word hero; some people might think a hero is someone who wears costumes and fights crime where as someone else might think of a hero as someone who fights for a country for example, a soldier. Peter Brownrigg, of the novel Cue for Treason by Geoffrey Trease is the most heroic characters in my opinion. His persistent, selfless, and courageous personality exemplified their heroism. These personality traits make Peter the most heroic characters of Cue for Treason. It takes persistence for a hero to overcome any unexpected difficulties presented to them. Near the end of Cue for Treason, Peter tried his best to sabotage Sir Philip Morton’s plan to assassinate the Queen. This is one piece of evidence where Peter’s heroic qualities is shown because he fought against multiple conspirators, but he has not given up once.. Another example of where Peter’s persistence was shown is when he was hiding from Sir Philip Morton inside the chest at the theatre. â€Å"It was hot in the chest, but I was afraid to come out. I could never be sure, even when there was silence around me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Trease, 48-49). In this scenario, Peter also portrayed his persistent characteristics by hiding in the hot chest in fear of being found by Sir Philip Morton. This once again portrayed that Peter was heroic because he knew he had to stay hidden in order to protect the identities of the people involved in the tearing down of Sir Philip Morton’s wall. Peter’s persistence was shown once again when he was swimming through the waters of Ullswater. This quote from Cue for Treason also supports the fact that he is persistent, heroic and not selfish. I mustn’t give up. I mustn’t give up†¦ Everything depended on my reaching that thin line of gray shingle, that fringe of oaks and pines. If I gave up now, and let myself slip down into the sweet peace of green water, the Queen would be murdered and the kingdom thrown into anarchy. Thousands of Englishmen would die in the quarrel†¦ That was what kept me swimming. It wasn’t just the life of an old lady with a crown. It was for all of us (Trease 201-202). Selflessness is the trait that portrays heroes and allow heroes to put others before themselves. This quote portrayed that Peter is not selfish because he knew many lives were at stake and that he could not give up for the sake of those lives. Peter left his house willingly to protect his family, friends, and neighbours from Sir Philip Morton. This made him heroic and not selfish because he was risking his own life, but at the same moment he was protecting the lives of others whom which he cares for. Later on, Peter grew to care for his companion Kit. â€Å"I was in command for the moment. I’d have given a lot for Kit’s company, but I knew I wasn’t justified in taking her.† (Trease, 179). Peter decided not to let Kit go with him to search for Tom in the Peel tower. This was an example of his heroic and non selfish traits because he did not want to put Kit’s life in danger. Furthermore, Peter showed he was selfless when the Queen asked him what he wanted in return for having saved her life. I looked at her. What did I want? †¦ We have never sought wealth or honors-your true statesman will not take even a knighthood†¦ ‘Your Majesty,’ I said, ‘there are some common which have been ours and our neighbors’ from time immemorial. Sir Philip stole them and enclosed them for himself. Will you hand them back to us and confirm us in possession of them forever?’ (Trease, 281) Even when Peter was given the possibility of having anything he desired, Peter requested for the return of the land that Sir Philip Morton took away from his friends and family. This portrayed heroism and selflessness because Peter was thinking of his community and requested for the one thing that would benefit his whole community. Heroes need courage to face the challenges that awaits them. Peter displays his courageous trait when he decides to leave Cumberland by himself. â€Å"I knew I couldn’t stand torture. If the law let them do that, even a little of it, I know I should blurt out the names of every man and boy who’d been there that night.† (Trease, 30). This demonstrates Peter’s courage because he knew that he had to leave to protect those he cared for. Another example of him being courageous was when he decided to enter the Peel tower without Kit’s company. Tom had once told us that, if anything ever happened to him, we were to go to the nearest sheriff or magistrate and get him to send word†¦ But the present business might be so urgent that this wouldn’t be sufficient†¦ Could we afford to stand still and do nothing for so long? (Trease, 180) Peter thought about whether or not to follow Tom’s order. This showed Peter’s heroic qualities to shine because he had respect for higher authority, but he knew he had to not follow the instructions since lives were at stake. In my opinion Peter Brownrigg is the most heroic character in Cue for Treason. His persistent personality helped him to endure the challenges of his journeys. Furthermore, he was not selfless for the happiness and safety of his family and friends. Lastly, he was courageous enough to perform risky actions. A hero is an individual distinguished for their exceptional abilities and accomplishments.

Business Case for Virtual Reality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Case for Virtual Reality - Essay Example Recently, the Charity Organization has launched its new and most forward project – installation of a structure dedicating to the contemporary art over the top of a hill. While the location is brilliant, the architecture requires to be taken special care of in terms of setting and looks. The prime objective of this proposal is to assist with project being undertaken by the Charity Organization. We suggest the client to make use of the Virtual Reality (VR) in the construction and development of the whole project. Virtual Reality is a technology that gives the user an impression of the real world and facets, while exploring the computer based environment. The VR is effective in the sense that its expert programming also allows for interaction and the scope for movement, even when the person is unable to move in truth. The research was initiated in the field of VR during the 1930s, when the scientists were aiming at developing a training program for the pilots. However, it was the year 1965 that saw its first breakthrough in the field of virtual reality, where the scientist Ivan Sutherland, published in his paper The Ultimate Display about how three dimensional objects could be conjoined to give an impression of a virtual reality to a human eye. (Thinkquest) Since then, there has been no looking back. The uses of virtual reality have amassed several sectors of human life such as media, television, medical training, reconstruction (mainly used in historical and archaeological researches and fin dings), education and so on. Construction has not been left behind in the task and it has now become extremely easy to formulate the whole structure of the building and also know what its downfalls or advantages are with the help of the virtual environments or VR. (Beier) There are several of our clients, who have benefited from the concept of VR and have effectively used

ASSIGNMENT Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Assignment Example Political risk is the effect of change in political policies on investment. It is upon the government how much they want to return to the investor, they may even stop him from withdrawing his capital. Iquisha further commented below as to how helpful Susan’s post was as she thought the answer would be none of the above and the investors received the correct amount of return due to exchange rate. Iquisha’s comment is welcomed and we hope all her ambiguity is cleared through the answer. Another student Marquisha also commented to Susan’s answer in a positive manner and also stated about political risk from her book. Marquisha’s effort is highly appreciated. If US dollar depreciates, it implies that more dollars are required to purchase foreign goods, which in turn means that foreign goods become expensive for Americans. However, for foreigners, the implication of a depreciation in the US dollar is favorable. Due to decline in US dollar’s value against foreign currencies, the holders of the respective foreign currencies will find US goods cheaper, as they have to spend less dollars (Byrd, Hickman and

Air Pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Air Pollution - Essay Example The high altitude trees in the Rocky Mountains feel the impact of the air pollution emitted in Beijing, China. To determining the most rational approach to controlling air pollution, the worldviews of Environmental Wisdom and Planetary Management can help decide who has responsibility for the air we breath and what are the benchmarks for quality. Both worldviews rely on the tenet that our resources are valuable and require constant attention to provide sustainability and quality of life. However, they differ greatly on their approach, philosophy, and degree of optimism in technology. The Environmental Wisdom worldview takes the stance that the human race is a part of nature and must show an equal respect for all plants and animals in the world. Environmental Wisdom believes technology and economics are limited and there must be a sustainable cooperation with the earth to be able to sustain our resources. The Planetary Management worldview believes that man is the dominant life form on Earth and humans have a right to exploit the Earth's resources to assure their well being. Planetary Management has a high degree of optimism in both technology and economics. ... A major air pollutant that has been at the center of controversy are the CO2 emissions that come from burning fossil fuels. Environmental Wisdom believes that the Earth's fragile ecosystem is threatened by global warming and there is a need to curtail the use of this energy source. It has recently been reported that rising global temperatures have been responsible for the spread of the Asian Hornet which is known to destroy the hives of honeybees (Allen). Loss of the pollination done by honeybees could result in a 26 percent reduction in the US's available food supply (Young). Environmental Wisdom sees the need to reduce CO2 emissions and protect the habitat of the honeybee. The CO2 that is emitted in Beijing has a direct effect on the quality of food in the US. While we may be able to live with a short supply of copper, Environmental Wisdom contends that there is no substitute for quality air. Planetary Management advocates would view the problem of CO2 emissions as a temporary problem that will be solved by science. The air could be cleansed of excessive CO2 with new scientific discoveries and an economic stimulus to develop the technique. In fact, researchers are already developing a method to strip our the CO2 from the polluted air, liquefy it, and bury it underground (Haszeldine). This would allow man to continue to deplete the fossil fuel resources and manage the polluting by-products of its use. Planetary management would have less concern for the complex eco-systems, such as honeybees, that may be threatened or eradicated by global warming. These would simply be further challenges to our technology and inventiveness. In conclusion, all the people on the earth

Project management coarse work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Project management coarse work - Essay Example One such result is the Denver International Airport Baggage Handling Project. In order to highlight on the high regard placed on project management, it is imperative to cite an example of such catastrophic failure, which accrued from poor project management. The Denver International Airport is currently ranked as among the five busiest airports in the world. The baggage handling system had a budget allowance of five hundred and sixty million. As such, it is of magnitude that will best depict the importance of this art if indeed project management can be regarded as such. This paper will explicate on the exact failures of the project management team while simultaneously endeavoring to relay alternative courses of action that would have yielded the desired results, if not better. Analysis Few failed projects can rival the extent to which the Denver International Airport baggage handling system cost the American tax payer. Given this significant impact, it is not startling that there ex ists numerous data to be sourced from the web expounding on the project. It is on this rationale that the internet fashioned a core data source for this paper. However, these sources might conflict on trivial details, what they do agree on is the insurmountable figures that characterized the baggage handling system. ... The baggage handling system was to cut delays by tremendous figures while simultaneously slashing aircraft turn around to as little as thirty minutes. On paper, it was the perfect project on which the new airport could embark. However, the dissimilarity between how the project appears on paper and in the actual senses all depends on the efficacy of the project management team (Lock, 2007). The resultant system, which was put in place, was a mere shadow of the project that had been envisioned. It neither had the glamour nor the efficiency of the proposed system. The Denver International Airport baggage handling system best exemplifies dysfunctional decision making. A series of these flawed decisions transformed a remarkably brilliant undertaking into a laughable ghost of the original project. The question now becomes who is responsible for this failure. A number of key errors were made along the way but, the bulk of the blame ought to lie with the project management team (Project Mana gement Institute, 2008). This stems from the fact that, it was their mandated task to guarantee a smooth and definite transition of the project from paper into real life. Project managers should first seek to understand the nature of their projects before they embark on them. This is in relation to the respective complexity, schedule, scope and the allocated budget. After gaining this vital understanding, they should then endeavor to make decisions with these facts in mind. An oversight that was made is that; the complexities that were to accompany the project were not well understood and subsequently handled. Thus, when in the advanced stages of the project, when such complexities arose the team was not well positioned to react accordingly. The implementation of the