Alcohol, Sex, and Violence in Catcher in the Rye :: Catcher Rye Essays

How Holden Deals With boozer beverage, fire, and Violence in Catcher in the Rye         The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D Salinger, depicts how a lonely teenagedr, Holden Caulfield, deals with alcohol, sex, and violence.  Teenagers must also deal with these problems daily.         Alcohol is very predominate throughout the novel The Catcher in the Rye. Alcoholic beverages are a readily available, and relatively inexpensive for minors to get.    Over the knightly couple of years, teenage consumption of alcohol has risen dramatically.  The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism states that more than 1.3 million teenagers have a drinking problem.  The National Institute also reports that the reason for underage teenage drinking is they believe in a mixture of rebellion towards their parents and a crisscross of maturity.  Another reason for teenage drinking is it represents a daring ges ture.  According to Dr. Joseph Franklin, The way drinking starts is, one kid dares another kid to take a drink of alcohol, and the kid doesnt want his friends to think he is a coward so he does.  Then the rest of them follow.           In the book, Between Parent and Teenager, it states the substance profane is the number one cause of death amongst teenagers.  Studies show that among high school students age 14 - 17, 60% of the students use alcohol once a week, 75% use it at least once a month, and 85% have used it once in the year.         In the novel, Holden Caulfield has very easy access to alcoholic beverages.  Throughout the novel, it seems that every time Holden gets depressed, he turns towards alcohol.  in Chapter 12, Holden is at Ernies night club and he got served even though he was only a minor.  In Chapter 20, Holden gets drunk. The way he acted when he was drunk shows how pathetic you are when you can not function properly.         The next topic, sex, is a very common word nowadays.  Sex is so common it is on television screens, blown up on billboards, and used for commercial enticement. It also seems that teenage men are purchasing cars and teenage girls are receiving more freedom from their parental figures.  A couple years back,

Is the Body Ownable :: Philosophy Papers

Is the Body OwnableThe way Jennifer church service approaches the reappearance of body experienceership in Ownership and the Body, it sounds as though that we throw our bodies is a given fact, and the controversy is over what follows from this and why it is important to prevail a discussion of this fact. I, however, intend to argue that it is a bad move to allow for the psyche of self- self-control (or any sort of ownership of subjects), that it is more likely to perpetuate problems than to solve them to think in this way, and that the belief in the possibility of body/self-ownership is rooted primarily in linguistic ambiguities (property vs. properties, different senses of mine, etc.). exploitWe will begin with the empathizemingly innocuous assertion, my body is mine. 11This is a truism plainly if mine is not construed as being that which I own. I do not own my mother, my boss, or my sneeze. In well-nigh cases, mine wholly means that something pertains to me, not that it necessarily belongs to me in the sense in which a product of my labour might. Surely a slave who says, my master, is not trying to rearward the relationship (a relationship which is, by my account, illegitimate to begin with). Now, Church does want to allow, in a sense, for me to be able to own my mother. She certainly would allow my mother, initially, to own me.22 One can make a claim, by her account, to some degree of ownership of another person based on the extent to which that person has deform part of peerlesss self.33 Her example for this is the right that ones close friends and relatives have to make decisions for one who is incapacitated. I do not see how the concern of close ones can be taken as a form of ownership. While we hope that it is our closest friends and family who will look out for us when we are unable to look out for ourselves, in no way are they granted the rights that one would have over property.44 I take ownership to include u nrestricted private use of an object. Of course my explanation excludes the possibility of owning aIs the Body Ownable Philosophy PapersIs the Body OwnableThe way Jennifer Church approaches the issue of body ownership in Ownership and the Body, it sounds as though that we own our bodies is a given fact, and the controversy is over what follows from this and why it is important to have a discussion of this fact. I, however, intend to argue that it is a bad move to allow for the idea of self-ownership (or any sort of ownership of subjects), that it is more likely to perpetuate problems than to solve them to think in this way, and that the belief in the possibility of body/self-ownership is rooted primarily in linguistic ambiguities (property vs. properties, different senses of mine, etc.). MineWe will begin with the seemingly innocuous assertion, my body is mine. 11This is a truism only if mine is not construed as being that which I own. I do not own my mother, my boss, or my snee ze. In some cases, mine only means that something pertains to me, not that it necessarily belongs to me in the sense in which a product of my labour might. Surely a slave who says, my master, is not trying to reverse the relationship (a relationship which is, by my account, illegitimate to begin with). Now, Church does want to allow, in a sense, for me to be able to own my mother. She certainly would allow my mother, initially, to own me.22 One can make a claim, by her account, to some degree of ownership of another person based on the extent to which that person has become part of ones self.33 Her example for this is the right that ones close friends and relatives have to make decisions for one who is incapacitated. I do not see how the concern of close ones can be taken as a form of ownership. While we hope that it is our closest friends and family who will look out for us when we are unable to look out for ourselves, in no way are they granted the rights that one wo uld have over property.44 I take ownership to include unrestricted private use of an object. Of course my definition excludes the possibility of owning a

Ordinary People :: essays research papers

Why does the man go on when things like this happen?, is a quote by Gerda Weissman Klein. This means that unfortunately, incidents that foundert always have a positive impact on our lives, can not hold us back from moving on, or the world form continuing its business. Ordinary sight by Judith Guest is a fine example of when the world goes on when you experience a grief so great that you felt almost as if the world betrayed you continuing to allow the sun to rise every and the birds to sing in spite of your anguish. Ordinary People deals with the hardships of whiz ordinary familys day to day life.Buck Jarret brother of Conrad and son of Calvin and Beth was sailing in bad conditions with his brother when their sailboat capsized. Conrad was most do by this tragedy. Judith Guest uses characterization to reveal this pain that Conrad holds deep down inside. Conrad is so effected by this accident that he eventually attempts to commit suicide, even he is unsuccessful due to the fact that Calvin walked in on him. Conrad could not deal with the hardship of not having the brother he once had and loved. Conrad believed that the choice was his to determine whether or not he wanted to watch the sun rise or listen to the birds sing every morning . Calvin say that there was one thing he did wrong and that was that he stayed with the boat. Beth Jarret can be used as more of an indirect relation to this quote. Beth awoke one night to scrape up Calvin missing from her bedside, when she went downstairs looking for him she found him sitting at the dining table crying. Calvin was upset at the fact that Beth fails to show affection for her son Conrad. Calvin stated Its almost like you buried all of your love with Buck. Calvin continued to explain how he has been thinking and he is not sure if he is in love with Beth anymore due to her actions. Guest uses very dramatic dialogue to develop the level of seriousness in this crucial conversation Calvin feels great pain over thi s situation but yet the sun rises the next morning only to bring an understanding between Conrad and Calvin.

Classical Theory: Cesane Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham Essay -- feudalis

Crime gestate existed over many centuries, different eras affect the flow of crime and within those eras. what is more amongst individuals, there was different way of thinking into how to reduce and eliminate occurred. The act of crime cannot be eliminated, as different individuals have different perspectives of crime and for theses reasons, have different methods of advocating and eliminating crime. This essay will firstly seek the views of absolute Theory, by looking at Cesane Beccaria, the father of unsullied theory and Jeremy Bentham, the founder of Utilitarian and explore how there influences are incorporated into laws and regulations, around the world. Secondly, Positivism theory explores the biological, psychological and environment understanding of what causes the crime, thus having a different understand and method into figure out and eliminating crime. By looking at these overarching theories, we can come to understand how they both are beneficial and incorporated into the laws within our society, however does now have the indicant to rid it of crime. Classical theory explores the idea that crime is the intent to commit, rather than a reaction to an unfavorable situation. This theory believes that a committed crime was intend to gain self-seeking and self interest and because of this belief this theory believe that the criminals have to take full responsibility of there actions. Two known advocates of Classical theories are Cesane Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham. Their ideologies revolve around classical theory and have greatly influenced, through the creation of laws, rules and regulations, which have impacted society today. The development and influence of Classical theory happened during the transition from the feudalism... ...conferences/criminality/benier.pdfhttp//www.justice.govt.nz/justice-sector/drivers-of-crime/publications-and-background-information/documents/spb-theories-on-the-causes-of-crimehttp//www.criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/becc aria.htmhttp//www.iep.utm.edu/beccaria/http//www.sagepub.com/upm-data/19631_Section_8___Biosocial_Approaches.pdfhttp//www.bunker8.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/history/panopticon.htmhttps//sentencingcouncil.vic.gov.au/sites/sentencingcouncil.vic.gov.au/files/how_much_does_imprisonment_protect_the_community_through_incapacitation_0.pdfhttp//www.jstor.org/stable/2709127?__redirectedhttp//www.sagepub.com/hanserintro/study/materials/reference/ref8.1.pdfhttp//www.ashgate.com/pdf/SamplePages/Ashgate_Research_Companion_to_Biosocial_Theories_of_Crime_Intro.pdfhttp//whatworks.uwex.edu/attachment/FamilyBasedPreventionProgramschapterdraft6-10-10.pdf

The Problem of Technical Improvement Of Education Essay -- Teaching Ed

The Problem of Technical Improvement Of EducationABSTRACT What follows considers the problem of technical improvement as one of the main problems in the philosophy of education. I consider technology in connection with transferring from substantial wisdom to comprehension of the process itself. The creation of educational technologies is the expansion of educational freedom, from freedom inside action to freedom inside reflection. The connection between education and technology ensures creating and modifying a particular, non-formal, and humane pedagogy. Profound comprehension of different tendencies and processes in contemporary education is one of the main problems of the recently appeared and developing philosophy of education. Intensifying technological inclinations in up-to-date pedagogical possible action and practice must be subject to understanding first of all, to my mind. Not long ago the application of the tecnological approach to education was impossible. The very phras e teaching or educational technology seemed absurd. For a very long time pedagogy has been considered the field absolutely contrary to technical or mechanical kinds of activity. People always public opinion that profession of a instructor was connected with creation, intuition, unique and unpredictable person communication. The whole history of pedagogy, examining different kinds of educational process, has always been giving a teacher the leading role. Any programs, systems, methods should only support a teacher in order to expose his own potential, they should not substitute the teachers place, not determine studies.However, the scram of the recent years has shown that any reinforcement of external formal pressure directed to limitation of cre... ...chnology and education gives a possibility to create an form an other anti mechanistic, humane way of being. Its implementation demands not only practical and theoretical, but also philosophical knowledge. Sources(1) Sheler M. For ms of Knowledge and Education, Gnosis, 1994(2) Dmitrienko V., Lyurya N. Education as a genial Institution, 1989.(3) Bespalko B. Items of a Pedagogical Technology, M., 1989.(4) Vartofsky M. Art and a Technology are opposite models of Education? M., 1988.(5) Vodopyanova E. Prospects of the Future Education, Education in Siberia, 1994.(6) Anisimov O. Notional Means of the Theory of occupation and Thinking, M., 1991.(7) Rozin V. Philosophy of a Technique and Cultural and Historical Reconstruction of a Technical Development, Questions of Philosophy, N3, 1996.(8) A New Technocratic Wave in the West, M., 1986.

The Problem of Technical Improvement Of Education Essay -- Teaching Ed

The Problem of Technical Improvement Of EducationABSTRACT What follows considers the problem of technical improvement as one of the briny problems in the philosophy of education. I consider technology in connection with transferring from substantial comprehension to comprehension of the process itself. The creation of educational technologies is the expansion of educational freedom, from freedom inside action to freedom inside reflection. The connection between education and technology ensures creating and modifying a particular, non-formal, and humane pedagogy. Profound comprehension of different tendencies and processes in contemporary education is one of the main problems of the recently appeared and developing philosophy of education. Intensifying technological inclinations in up-to-date pedagogical theory and practice must be subject to understanding first of all, to my mind. Not long ago the application of the tecnological approach to education was impossible. The very phrase teaching or educational technology seemed absurd. For a very long time pedagogy has been considered the field absolutely contrary to technical or mechanical kinds of activity. People always thought that profession of a teacher was connected with creation, intuition, unique and unpredictable person communication. The whole history of pedagogy, examining different kinds of educational process, has always been giving a teacher the leading role. all programs, systems, methods should only support a teacher in order to expose his own potential, they should not substitute the teachers place, not determine studies.However, the experience of the recent old age has shown that any reinforcement of external formal pressure directed to limitation of cre... ...chnology and education gives a possibility to create an form an other anti mechanistic, humane way of being. Its implementation demands not only practical and theoretical, but also philosophical knowledge. Sources(1) Sheler M. Forms of Knowledge and Education, Gnosis, 1994(2) Dmitrienko V., Lyurya N. Education as a Social Institution, 1989.(3) Bespalko B. Items of a pedagogical Technology, M., 1989.(4) Vartofsky M. Art and a Technology are opposite models of Education? M., 1988.(5) Vodopyanova E. Prospects of the Future Education, Education in Siberia, 1994.(6) Anisimov O. Notional Means of the Theory of Activity and Thinking, M., 1991.(7) Rozin V. Philosophy of a Technique and Cultural and Historical Reconstruction of a Technical Development, Questions of Philosophy, N3, 1996.(8) A New Technocratic Wave in the West, M., 1986.

Existentialism & Fight Club Essay

In modern day society, individuals usually experience the aforesaid(prenominal) routine over and over again, but r arely become conscious(predicate) of the drudgery of daily life. These people are unable to achieve a higher level of existence by being uniform. postponement for matinee idolot, by Samuel Beckett, is an existential antic where two men are stuck in the same routine day after day. They sit around all day waiting for the needful arrival of a man named Godot, who seems like he will never come the two lose track of era. The men are completely unsuspecting of what day of the week it is they seem to be achieving nothing in their dull cognises due to their tedious ways.Waiting for Godot is more than a mere existential spell there are heavy undert superstars of Christianity, creating a religious aspect to the play, still the author manipulates Christian tones to strengthen existentialistic ideas. There are many existential elements in this play, mainly monotony and the inability to final payment action. Both Acts one and two of the play are similar because they contain identical events. First, Vladimir meets tarragon at the same tree. Estragon sleeps in a ditch all night and is continually beaten up.They become acquainted with Pozzo and Lucky, and then a boy notifies them that Godot will convey tomorrow. At the end of the act, Vladimir and Estragon are unable to leave, and the second act repeats the same sequence of events. Vladimir admits that habit is a great deadener (Beckett 105). A fundamental belief of existentialism is, individuals who repeat the same mundane task will not live life to the fullest and are stuck in a lull. The characters in Waiting for Godot are constantly stating that they will take action but do not acquire the initiative to finalize the task.Their life is not complete or wholly satisfied because of their lack of perfection, power, and controlover their lives (All About Philosophy). Pozzo realizes his inability to maneuver and remarks, I dont seem to be ableto deport (Beckett 5). Estragon then rejoins stating, Such is life (Beckett 5). People are inflicted with the difficult task of taking initiative and become dormant when they do not choose to take their own future into their hands. According to Kierkegaard, people constantly have to choose what they become of and therefore, must take responsibility for their future (Philosopher).The men in this play are unable to take action and need an outer force to act upon them (Philosophy Paradise). They are afraid to accept the risk and responsibility of following their freight wherever it leads (Age of the Sage). The men do not want to act on their own because they are scared to take a chance. They are unable to cook their own fates and therefore, wait for God to limit. Existentialists believe that the individual should to take charge in what becomes of their fate. That burden cannot be shifted onto God, or nature, or the ways of the world. Prof essor Robert Solomon (Dividing Line).By taking control, one can enjoy their life as an individual because they choose what becomes of their existence. Christianity plays a major role in Waiting for Godot, as there are many references relating God to Godot and Jesus Christ to Estragon. During the first act, Estragon decides to walk around barefoot and claims, all my life Ive equald myself to Christ (Beckett 57). He is able to compare himself to Christ because all men, including Jesus, are Gods children. Moreover, Godot stands for God ( newborn York Times) because only God know what the future contains. (Urbana). This is relevant to Godot because the men are depending on him to decide their fate. They will not settle on a path for their futures until they meet Godot. The two men inquired Godot for a kind of prayer and are waiting for his respond (Beckett 12). This religious act is an allusion the prayers that many Christians make to God. Thus far, the men have not been aquatinted wi th Godot because God does not calculate time as they do. (Urbana). Their day may not be the same amount of time as what Godot designates it to be.The men are forced to wait endlessly for the day that he will arrive. This is yet another allusion to Christianity the men lingering around for Godot and the Christians waiting for the Lords coming. The Christians believe that in Gods good time he will again modify men to see clear (Reformation Ink). By allowing men to see clearly, they can make their own decisions in life and become more of an individualist. Christians believe they should live in awareness for a unique time when they are needed to set everything aside to receive something from God or to do something for God (Urbana).When this time comes, one should know the difference between what needs to be done and what is truly important (Urbana). A time when this is relevant, is when Vladimir contemplates whether he should assist Pozzo up or go harass Lucky with Estragon. He disco vers that it is important to help Pozzo up. He declares, It is not every day that we are needed (Beckett 90). Vladimir realizes how valuable life is and how freedom is a gift from God (Christian-Philosopher). Both Estragon and Vladimir are, waiting forwaiting (Beckett 5o). This is against Christian beliefs because the men are not cherishing the time God has given them.The time God bestows upon them must be spent with responsibility and should be seen as a divine gift (Urbana). Christianity and existentialism are intertwined in Samuel Becketts Waiting for Godot. Although they two have different beliefs about the demise of ones life, they have the same principles on how to live. Christianity and existentialism both believe that time should be cherished. Christians notion time as a heavenly offering from God, while existentialists believe that individuals must live in the now, because they will not be on humanity for long.When Vladimir and Estragon encounter Pozzo in the second act, Pozzo divulges, I dont remember having met anyone yesterday. But to-morrow I wont remember having met anyone to-day (Beckett 101). It has been stated originally in the play that Pozzo is the universe. He is trying to convey that one day someone is born and the next, another person dies. Eventually there is no retrospection of the deceased human, and the world keeps going on. According to both existentialism and Christianity, it is up to the individual to choose what they do in life, since time is limited (Urbana).John Cassidy declares no one can do their work for them, and no one can stand behind them (Christen-Philosopher). It is up to the individual decide what they become of in life. No one, including God, has to deal with their way of living, but for themselves. They are the ultimate rulers of their existence and have some control over the course their future takes (Urbana). ? Bibliography Banks, Robert. Complete Book of Everyday Christianity. 1997. Urbana. 7 December 2009 Beckett, Samuel. Waiting for Godot. New York Grove Press, 1954 Cassidy, John. Christian Existentialism.Christian Philosopher. 13 December 2009 Eiermann, Katharena. DividingLine. com. Dividing Line. 13 December 2009. http//www. dividingline. com/ Existentialism A Philosophy. Philosophy All About. 12 December 2009 Existentialism. Philosopher. 13 December 2009 Samuel Becketts Waiting for Godot. 2006. Philosophy Paradise. 30 Nov. 2009 The origins of Existentialism. Age of the Sage. 17 December 2009 . Machen, J. Gresham. What is Christianity? Reformation INK. 17 December 2009. Atkinson, Brooks. Becketts Waiting for Godot. 20 April 1956. The New York Times. 17 December 2009.

Analyzing Garret Harding’s Article Essay

This paper seeks to analyze the article The Tragedy of the commonality by Hardin (1968). The first part summarizes the main dissertation by identifying the principle or principles that Hardin utilize to explain the Tragedy as he defines it. The second part describes how Hardins thesis would apply to production of smogginess pollutants in calcium. 2. Summary and Application 2. 1. SummaryThe paper article talks astir(predicate) the tragedy of the commonalty which has contradicted the invisible hand that was described by ex smith that would managed things for people by just everyowing mans selfishness to keep on profiting without realizing that the same could be helping people in the process. The tragedy of the park is therefore preventing the operation of the market or certain individuals from fully attaining what is good for these individuals because of the inevitable over world.However the author has too acknowledged ways or eventors at a lower place which the tragedy of commons could be neutralized such the existence of private property in support of that mans selfishness in accordance with Smiths theory. He also menti atomic number 53d other factors that whitethorn have either supported to weaken the tragedy of commons. He therefore still sees a resoluteness to the tragedy, which is the relinquishment of freedom to brood by the commons. Such can be done by some intervention of those who have the power like the state.The thesis of the Hardin (1968) further asserts that the trouble on overpopulation has no practiced dissolvent for there is nonhing to maximize. He noted the fact the people are concerned about the problem of overpopulation and that the same people would try the ways to avoid the evils of such situation but without giving up the pleasure that they have now. The author insist the fact the people would insufficiency to make everything possible where plans could be growing or developing any source of food that result solve the pr oblem caused by the overpopulation.Hardin asserted about the absence of technical solution to the problem as in winning the game of tick-tack-toe. He concluded that the simplest summary of the summary of mans problem in population is that the commons could reassert their existence except down the stairs conditions of low-population density. Thus he argued that given the fact the population has increased, these commons have to be abandoned in one aspect. According to Hardin, the first way to abandon them can be done food gathering, inclosure farm land, restricting pastures and in hunting and fishing areas.He also saw the commons as a place for waste disposal that would justify their abandonment. Since the author also stops human freedom preservation, it was his position that to preserve and nurture the more than important kinds of freedom, the solution is to give up the freedom to breed from these commons as soon as possible. 2. 2 Application to the Production of smogginess Pollutants in California This part of the paper will define Commons in the fact of the smog pollutants in California as those people that may be part of the creating the problems of smog taint in California, who may or may not be aware of the solution or cause of the problem.Individuals or non-commons may be those that are not part of the common which could be exemplified by the group described by Hardin which espouses the relinquishment of freedom to breed in order to arrest the tragedy of overpopulation caused and who believes that there are no technical solutions to problem. Since the case of pollution is related to overpopulation which according to Hardin has caused the problem, the non-commons extends their argument in this part that opt to give up still the freedom to breed for commons.This part describes also the problem in terms of the different view from the commons, the non-commons or individual In terms of the commons, the problem of smog Production is a problem that co uld be technologically solved. Hence these commons would argue for the convey for the production of cars that would be equipment of the capability of reduced or smog pollutants (Vannijnatten and Lambright, 2001 Dooley, 2002)). This could be evident in the case of what is being required now of new cars from California.Newer cars starting with 2009 model will be required to have label that contains a level as to floor ranks in terms of surroundal impact. The information is designed to provide consumers with the practical information that could contribute to their being responsible decision makers in the use of environment friendly vehicles while satisfying or meeting the needs of these people to move around (Environment News Service, 2009). The label used for environmental performance will include a scale of 1-10 for global warming scores and smog score.The higher score on some(prenominal) scales will show that the car is more environment friendly car. With average normal score of 5 on both scales, the values of the decision makers will also show how they will value the environment will also be reflective of scores recorded (Environment News Service, 2009). Electric cars are noted to earn higher ratings than non- electric cars on both score thereby indicating the role of technology (Environment News Service, 2009). This would provide a strong argument against that of Hardin (1968) that there is no technical solution to the problem.It could be argued that electric cars evolved from gasoline cars and therefore consumers may be deemed to have become more responsible to the environment. In terms of the individual recreates, as espoused by Garrett Hardin (1968), the solution is non-technical that one can never minimized or maximized that point where there could acceptable smog pollutant level. From this view, the problem comes from the commons in the case of production of smog pollutants and not from non-commons which do not see themselves as part of the problem. Hardins viewed that there are indeed people causing smog pollutants in California which may not be prevented from having better cars due to the bias that there is no technical solution to the problem. The solution could not be constitute therefore under the principle developed as viewed by commons that more efficient cars could be produced but rather in stopping the freedom to breed commons which will prevent the problem created in the production of smog pollutant in California.Hardin under his own view would rather therefore go for stopping the preparation of the commons who keep on violating the rights of individuals because of the enclosures or certain advantages or favors given to these commons. The solution could include calling for government actions to deny seeming shout for more rights and liberties by the commons. In the article on Tragedy of the commons, Hardin (2008) also attacked the fact that every favor given to the commons is a deprivation of somebodys personal libe rty.He argued that while aggressions made in the past could be accepted by him and the believers of his cause, he could only now see the abuse of infringement made because of the cries for rights and freedom are made by commons. He saw the benefits given to the commons are a way of robbing against the non-commons. He further saw only universal ruin if the logic of the commons would continue to be upheld. For this purpose the author saw only the need for true freedom that is establish on recognition of necessity.If this principle is applied to the smog pollutants in California, Hardin would see hopeless of having smog free cars and that the cost of regulation for smog free cars could only be caused by the commons. If Hardins position is to be sustained, this would amount to prohibiting rather the commons to not having cars any more by government actions since these non-commons would not want to share life with the commons who will eventually cause overpopulation. Hardin (1968) also argued in the article that the most important aspect of necessity is the present need to recognize the necessity of abandoning the commons in breeding.Since he saw the absence of technical solution to the problem the misery of overpopulation would necessarily come along with all related evils. He posited that freedom to breed will bring ruin to all. In effect, Hardin would want to address still the issue of overpopulation since all the issue of pollution according to him is also cause by population. In terms of collective interest, people need to co-exist together whether commons or non-commons because they only live in one land surface the earth which provides life for everybody.The right of co-existence happens because the ethical theory of social justice demands that one must practice what is just and beautiful to everybody concerned. To have peaceful-coexistence, there must be an intention of each of the commons or the individuals to sacrifice some of their rights for the surv ival of both. The resulting conflict, if not solved, will put gentleman into a level of what is contentious as instinctively, the instinct for survival is as old as life itself (Fikes, 2001). Each person whether common or non-common has rights and obligations to crystalize if each is to live together harmoniously.While it is true that smog production would be dangerous to the environment and the common may occupy a larger share in the total number of the population, it could be easily accepted that they could be wipe out on earth so that only the non-common shall live. To determine whether indeed a technical solution is possible, there is a need to understand the nature of smog which is a kind of air pollution caused them the petrochemical response of sunlight with volatile organic compounds and oxides of nitrogen when released into the atmosphere.The same is therefore normally observed in automobile operation. To attain smog free objective, California used smog score by ranking each vehicles pollutants levels in terms of non-methane organic gases and oxides of nitrogen in relation to other vehicles within the live model year. Within the scale of 1 to 10, the California scale assigns 10 to be the cleanest while the average score 5 (Environment News Service, 2009). This could therefore render to the creation of technical solutions that would solve the problem of smog production in California.This again will provide strong argument against the position taken by the Hardin (1968) on the absence of technical solution. Another proof of this evolution in technology is in the light of the belief that car model before 2006 would downfall below the smog score of one. An action for more stringent standards must be viewed as a way of creating solution that would satisfy the collective interest of both commons and non-commons. The fact of smog inspection involves knowing whether Hydrocarbons, Nitrous Oxides or Carbon Monoxides (SmogTips, Inc, 2009) are present sinc e these chemicals are identified for the production of smog.The fact the human knowledge has identified these chemicals from a long list of other known chemicals must speak further as evidence of technical solution to the problem of pollution. 3. Conclusion This paper concludes that the thesis of Hardin (1968) on lack of technical solution to the problem of smog pollutants in California is not rue. This paper has found moves in California to control the production of smog pollutants. The thesis may have raised some points that consider in effect the tragedy caused by the commons where the author has even attacked the theory of universal human rights.The view of the author is in favor individualist orientation and subscribes to the ideal of selfish genes. However, as society has evolved, the individualists have lived together with the commons for centuries and although the position of Hardin may be logical at some points, this paper takes exception to the assertion that there is no t echnical solution to problems. There is a solution because humanity is forever looking for ways to solve its problems whether the scientist may come from commons or not.ReferencesDooley, E. (2002) fifty dollar bill Years Later Clearing the Air over the London Smog Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 110 Environment News Service (2009) New California Cars Display Smog, Global Warming Scores, www document URL, http//www. ens-newswire. com/ens/jan2009/2009-01-02-092. asp, Accessed January 29, 2009 Fikes, T. (2001) Evolutionary Psychology as Computational Theory in the Cognitive Sciences Journal of Psychology and Theology, Vol. 29Hardin, Garrett (1968) The Tragedy of the Commons, www document URL http//www. sciencemag. org/cgi/content/full/162/3859/1243, Accessed January 29, 2009 SmogTips, Inc (2009) How to pass the California emissions test. 3-Part Test. , www document URL http//www. smogtips. com/passing_inspection. cfm, Accessed January 29, 2009 Vannijnatten and Lambright (2001) North American Smog Science-Policy Linkages across Multiple Boundaries Canadian-American Public Policy

Life Cycle Analysis for Brick

Life Cycle Analysis For Brick 1Materials are genuinely important in construction industry because with the combination of different material, we can manufacture a very strong and unique twist attain. There are m whatsoever type of material that commonly utilize in the construction industry, for good example the glass, woods, bricks, stones, marble, concretes and etc. Brick is one of the most commonly used materials in Malaysia, because almost every house in housing area was built by bricks.From this show I want to give analysis about the brick smell cycles/second included its origin and how the brick being used after the end of its life cycle. 2Brick was appeared since the starting of the civilization, which is the ancient Mesopotamia around 8000 BC. (Think Brick Australia 2007) The thick mud and mud leave by the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers was reinforced with straw and shaped into brick and then dried in the sun.Bricks were glazed in a variety of colours as the time prog ressed and used to decorate the facades of the ziggurat, or temple towers, built as stairways to and for the Gods. In the end, people started to realize that when the woody houses burned and the brick on the remaining chimneys had been strengthened, so fire- treated bricks began to replace adobe ones in India and the Middle East. And the Romans used kiln-burned brick in conjunction with an efficient mortar of lime and volcanic ash to construct buildings that were both beautiful and last longer. Think Brick Australia 2007) 3Brick is a masonry unit of remains, formed into a rectangular prism while plastic and tough by firing in a kiln. The manufacture of bricks is used easily workable and cadaverey materials and the materials are avoided to contain any large hard components or lumps of lime, this is to avoid crack and split of the brick. We can obtain clay on the sur type of the ground. There are leash principal form of clay used to manufactured clay brick which are surface clay, shales, and fire clays.The surface clays is sedimentary clays which found near the surface of the earth, shales is clay that have been subjected to high pressures until they have hardened almost to the form of slate, and the fire clays is clays which have found deeper in the ground than other types and to have refractory qualities. These three principal forms of clays have similar chemic compositions but appear in different physical. The clays can easily be found and to extract because usually we can find it in the ground surface. subsequently the clay has been extract from the ground, it covered with weewee, usually used to be work by hand with special hoe.There are several processes to form a brick which are soft mud process, stiff mud process and dry-press process. (Ching and Adams 2001, 12. 06) The soft mud process refers to forming brick by molding relatively wet clay having a moisture content of 20 percent to 30 percent. (Ching and Adams 2001, 12. 06) The Stiff mud process refers to forming brick and structural tile by extruding stiff but plastic clay having moisture content of 12 percent to 15 percent and then the de-airing machine will removes air and eliminating holes and bubbles in the clay. Ching and Adams 2001, 12. 06) After that the clay is force through die and cutting the extrusion to length with wires before to heat the finish in the kiln. The dry-press process refers to forming brick by molding relatively dry or depressed plasticity clay which having moisture content of 5 percent to 7 percent under high pressure, the resulting of this process is sharp-edged, smooth-surfaced bricks. (Ching and Adams 2001, 12. 06) 4The most important step to form a stronger brick is through the drying and firing process.There are three different kinds generally used the humidity organisation of drying can be applied to any type of dryer, as the term humidity drying represents a process rather than a form of structural design. Humidity drying may be divide d into three stages first is the heating stage, during which the clay is gradually heated up in an atmosphere of relatively high humidity, this prevents excessive cracking or distorting on the face of the brick. After that is the drying period, in which the air is heated to a maximum temperature for the clay being dried, the humidity is gradually decreased to allow the clay to dry uniformly all the way through.And the third which is the cooling stage, in which the temperature is gradually decreased to uniformity. The clay is not fully dried when placed in the kiln. Hygroscopic piss is not driven off at ordinary temperatures or even at the boiling point of water. In fact, the temperature often rises quite a min above the boiling point before the water is completely evolved. The watersmoking is accomplished by fire in the kiln furnaces. Wood is frequently used for this purpose, to avoid sooting. In the watersmoking eriod it is desired to heat up the brick, evaporate and remove the m oisture, and to accomplish this successfully, it is very necessary that draft be strong. The watersmoking is the most critical point in the life of the brick. The process must be carried very slowly the water in coming out of the clay may crack the surface. After the watersmoking is completed, the temperature is increase to that essential in oxidation. Oxidation begins in the later stages of vitrification, but the greater part occurs between the temperatures of 800oF and 1300oF.At this stage most of the impurities are given off and the metals constituting the clay are changed to their respective oxides. The highest temperature reached at this point is usually near 2000oF. 5Brick grade designates the durability of a brick unit when exposed to weathering. The United States is divided into three weathering regions, severe, moderate, and negligible, correspond to annual winter rainfall and the annual number of freezing-cycle days. (Ching and Adams 2001, 12. 6) Brick is graded for use in each region according to compressive strength, maximum water absorption, and maximum loudness coefficient. The three grades are SW is brick suitable for exposure to severe weathering, as when in contact with the ground or used on surfaces likely to be permeated with water in subfreezing temperatures minimum compressive strength of 17238 kPa. (Ching and Adams 2001, 12. 06) MW is brick suitable for exposure to moderate weathering, as when used above grade on surfaces unlikely to be permeated with water in subfreezing temperatures minimum compressive strength of 15169 kPa. Ching and Adams 2001, 12. 06) NW is brick suitable for exposure to negligible weathering, as when used as a backup or interior masonry minimum compressive strength of 18243 kPa. (Ching and Adams 2001, 12. 06) 6The manual production of the bricks involves mainly four operations namely, soil preparation, moulding, drying and firing. The main process in which energy is consumed is firing of bricks. The amount of to tal combust required is about 18 tonnes to 22 tonnes depending upon the weather condition, quality of coal, etc.A tonne of coal gives about 12. 3MJ to 13. 3MJ depending upon the quality of the coal generally transported from uttermost off distances. (Gumaste n. d. ) The energy required to produce each brick inclusive of transportation comes to about 5 MJ per brick. (Gumaste n. d. ) Advantage of using bricks One of the advantages of using brick to build building is because brick is a high thermal mass material, it absorb heat throughout the day and release it slowly at night, this is ensuring internal temperatures are consistent throughout the day and night.The result is were able to have comfortable and healthy living and working environment in which to enjoy stable temperatures throughout the year. Brick building also very sustainable because they highly durable, offer long term life performance, low maintenance, and energy efficient and recyclable. But bricks have been labeled a s having high embodied energy due to their process of manufacture. However, in measuring sustainability it is necessary to take into account a materials life cycle performance, s well as the amount of energy consumed in the manufacturing process.And a recent research by think brick demonstrates that the proportion of embodied energy of clay bricks for the modern semi-detached home is equal to just 1. 87 percent of the over all heating requirement for the home over its 150 year life. what is more during the manufacture of brick, very little clay is wasted, and those unfired waste clay is reused in the manufacturing process and less than perfect fired bricks are crushed and used as a aggregates in other parts of the building industry. In conclusion, brick has a very high embodied energy during manufacture, especially in the firing system which required many of the energy to burn the brick, but it is highly durable, offer long term life performance and low maintenance so it is very su itable as a material to built the long stay building. Reference list Berge, B and Trans. 2000. The Ecology of Building Materials. London Reed educational and Professional Publishing Ltd. Ching, F. D. K. , and C. Adams. 2001. Building construction illustrated. 3rd ed. Toronto John Wiley & sons Inc. Gumaste, K. S. n. d.Embodied energy computations in buildings. http//www. ese. iitb. ac. in/aer2006_files/papers/144. pdf (accessed September 24, 2008) Simmons, H. L. 2001. Construction Principles Materials and Methods. 7th edition. newfound York John Willey and Sons Inc. Think Brick Australia. 2007. Why choose Brick? Sustainability. http//www. thinkbrick. com. au/thinking-brick/why-brick/sustainability_home/sustainability_home. cfm (accessed October 10, 2008). Think Brick United Kingdom. 2007. Why Brick? http//www. brick. org. uk/about-us/why-use-brick. html (accessed on September 24, 2008)

BR Richardson Timber Corporation

People want different things from work, norm onlyy when we get what we want we ar propel and our morale helps us to improve the timbre of our work and lives. For most(prenominal) people money is the motivation but often it is necessary to tie in monetary rewards with non-monetary rewards so that employees remain motivated. A gang of these result almost always lead to commit work forcet to an organization, innovative ideas and generally high quality of work. Human resource policies should be such(prenominal) that they empower the most important of all the resources that a comp both has which is its people.This will translate to large profits for the participation and great satisfaction among the employees. Safety and health issues are a major issue in the BR calibre order. Most employees in the company are dissatisfied with their jobs, working hours and working conditions. Morale is down and as a result productivity is decreased with increased job turnover as high as 70 per cent in some departwork forcets of the company. Ron, the group leader in gluing reports that new members rarely last a year at the gluing department. This is due to the work they are introduced to upon starting work.The grueling tasks involved usually result in endorse injuries. Often there is no orientation to the job and the new workers learn on the job about the rights technique of pause beams. Ron reports that most men have bad backs, broken fingers and toes, and hernias. An interview with Marty reveals that a death had occurred at the gluing department. Even with this the death the men were expected to act as if nothing had happened and continue working. The mean also showed great concern for a man who had sustained a concussion after hitting a shopping center nail in the overcrowded gluing area.During a tour of the plant it was noted that natural rubber was truly much compromised placing the workers health at risk. For instance, some workers did not have helmets, others did not have base hit glasses, and band-saw precaution devices were absent. Dirk a scheduler with a masters in forestry also reported that the employees did not under go any physicals. Though the men had medical insurance this was not enough to pick up their morale in relation to the safety of their working conditions. The loads of beams are stacked too high such that they fall frequently.This in fact is how a death occurred at the plant. Some of the machines given to the workers are also not in good working order for example Rolf cited a machine that has four wheels and five feet of clearance. The machine has neither brakes nor shut-off making it inefficient and unable(p) to work with. The building and ventilation standards of the plant as reported by Ro are below average leading to serious weight loss among the men during the summer. Physical well being and a healthy mind are necessary if a workforce is to be healthy.A healthy workforce is a motivated one and usually when one is in good physical health the mind is at ease and the worker usher out concentrate on his work. This is precisely possible if the worker knows that his working environment is safe and poses no danger to his health. This is absent at BR Timber Company. To begin with, BR Timber Company needs to set up an employee service that run acrosss that the employees undergo a physical and that they are up to the hard work expected of them. This will help in identification of any employees who may be risking their health by doing the grueling tasks at the plant.It is necessary to work with the quality control manager to develop guidelines that are task-specific for the different jobs and working environments in the place. Most men get accidents because they do not get the concept of a task clearly. The frequent movement of men from one job to another makes it difficult for them to be trained. To deal with the mistakes make the men need to be at one work station recollective enough to lear n what exactly is needed in the beams and thus increase safety with less mistakes being made.OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) recommended that ergonomic policies be made voluntary rather than mandatory. This aims at reducing work-related injuries and is better when it is voluntary rather than mandatory because then the company is free to follow these guidelines without feeling coerced. The benefits especially for BR Timber Company ion having employees health maintained is that employees will need less beat off because injuries (Ju, 2007). For BR Timber a safe environment would be reard by first ensuring that employees have the necessary safety gear.This includes ensuring that helmets and safety glasses are available to all employees in all shifts. In addition the company should improve the condition in its glue area which has many damps ca utilize the place to be crowded and creating difficulty in walking around. The absence of safety devices for band saws shou ld also be looked into so that the band saws are fitted with guarding. Ensuring that warning signs are placed at strategic points in the plant to improve safety by providing employees and visitors of potential danger should also be done.The storage area for the beams is a dangerous area with one death already having occurred due to the stacks of beams being too high and thus falling. A solution to this problem would be to make the stacks lower and look for adequate space same(p) suggested by Dirk that a bigger yard could be created by knocking out the field and organizing the stacks so that their disarray could cease posing a danger to the employees. Maintenance of equipment and machines is also another issue that contributes to poor working and safety conditions.By regularly repairing the work-out machines or repairing them altogether the company stands to gain more in the long run since efficiency will be increased and productivity together with safety will also be enhanced. No e mployee is comfortable using a machine that has no brakes, so a simple intervention like ensuring all the machines have breaks would make the employees feel safer. The job of ensuring safety does not only lie with management but also with the employees. If and when quality safety gear is provided the management should make sure that the employees use them appropriately.By allowing ongoing inspection teams to ensure that the company and its employees are taking the necessary safety precautions a higher level of accountability is encouraged and the company is more likely to adhere to a safe workplace and with the employees adhering to the safety guidelines. The solutions to the safety problems at BR Timber Company would best be addressed by incorporating the assistance of a safety consultancy agency. OSHA has many resources that would be useful for the company.In addition they offer computer software and technical information assistance that is easy to follow and that has specificatio ns of OSHA standards meaning that the company cannot go wrong on safety if they seek services of such an agency. Another strategy that BR Timber Company needs to employ for the sake of the health of its workers is to put up a counseling unit for the workers. Many of the employees seem to be very concerned and disturbed about injuries sustained by a worker (Bob) who was hit by a centre rail and also by the death of a colleague at the beam stacking area.Though most of the men wanted to go home that day, they were not allowed showing some degree of insensitivity to the mens state of mind following the loss of a colleague. The employees would have benefited a lot from having supportive services then. Education concerning injury prevention should be regularly provided for the employees. These would be especially helpful in preventing back injuries and knowing how to manage hernias which are both common problems in the BR Timber Company. Compensation and benefits is another pressing issue in the company.It is mainly related to overtime. The amount of work the employees put in is significantly disproportionate to their stipend. The workers felt that they were paid 60 cents per hour lower than the union and added that when the union got a 65 cents-per-hour raise, the employees at BR Timber Company got a 45 cent-per-hour raise. This being among the lowest paid employees in the timber business means that they are not motivated much. The only other benefit that seems available to these employees is the medical insurance cover.Most of the employees seem unhappy with their salaries even with overtime included. When a softball team was apparatus by one of the employees financing for it was inadequate since it required about $700 and the staff were only given $250. Due to the compulsory nature of overtime most employees do not even have the time to play the game. For most, they go home eat sleep and wake up again to go to work with very little time spent with their familie s. One of the things the company is doing right is providing medical cover for the employees.Other solutions to poor motivation due to poor salaries in benefits include pay increments. This would be better handled by a compensation analyst to ensure that the employees salaries are matched with those of other union employees. This does not have to happen to immediately it could be a plan over time in which the employees get gradual increases in payment following a survey of their salary scales. (Mathis and Jackson, 2006) An employee benefits manager may be necessary to provide better management of the employees benefits especially the health insurance and pension plans.In the case of the BR Timber Company the nature of the diligence the company is in calls for the company to have an accident and dismemberment insurance plan. The manager when appointed will be able to keep abreast of all legal issues affecting the employee benefits. This will streamline the process of claiming benefi ts and increase the trust the employees have in the company leading to greater motivation (Mathis and Jackson, 2006) In assessing how much it needs to pay the employees to keep them motivated and still earn a profit the company ought to go through a budge process.This will provide a means for determining how much has been spent on the payroll. The positions of various employees ought to be such that their positions fit into the overall percentage of the payroll. When jobs are clearly be determining their going rate becomes easier. Using job descriptions for entry other job will provide a means of comparison with the market place. The jobs can also be marched to others by comparison of the core functions (Krotz, 2007). To ensure that the turnover rate for employees is not high due to employee dissatisfaction with the pay it is necessary to track the competition.BR Timber pays lower than other union companies making those companies a viable alternative for the employees. Supervisors and others with positions of authority need to have a salary range especially for those whom it will be employing new. Other perks of the job can also be considered benefits and are important because work is not only about money. Overtime being such demoralizing aspect of work at BR Timber Company, the management ought to consider flextime. Most of the employees complain that they do not have enough time to spend with their families.

Sleep Apnea Devices Market Worth $19.72 Billion by 2017

The Sleep Apnea Diagnostic & Therapeutic Devices Market Polysomnographs, Respiratory Polygraphs, nervous impulse Oximeters, CPAP, Masks, Adaptive Servo-Ventilation (ASV), Oral Appliances, Nasal EPAP, Neurostimulation Global End-user Analysis, Competitive Landscape & imagine to 2017 analyzes and studies the major market drivers, restraints, and opportunities in North America, Europe, Asia, and Rest of the World.Browse 147 market entropy tables spread through 318 pagesand in-depth TOC of Sleep Apnea Diagnostic & Therapeutic Devices Market Polysomnographs, Respiratory Polygraphs, Pulse Oximeters, CPAP, Masks, Adaptive Servo-Ventilation (ASV), Oral Appliances, Nasal EPAP, Neurostimulation Global End-user Analysis, Competitive Landscape & Forecast to 2017. http//www. marketsandmarkets. com/Market-Reports/ peacefulness-apnea-devices-market-719. html Early buyers will receive 10% customization on reports.This report studies the orbicular sleep apnea devices market, with forecast to 2017 . Sleep problems be touted as a global epidemic and sleep apnea is a crucial contributor to this disorder. Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is the most common type of sleep apnea around 84% of people with sleep apnea are diagnosed with the disease. Studies suggest that about 100 million people worldwide are suspected to have obstructive sleep apnea, of which more(prenominal) than 80% dwell undiagnosed.Sleep apnea is a relatively new market in the medical field, gaining momentum at a fast pace, especially in developed geographies. The ingest for sleep apnea devices is slated to increase at a faster pace, owing to gradually increasing awareness among both patients and the medical fraternity. The global sleep apnea devices market was wanted at $7. 96 billion in the year 2011 and is expected to reach $19. 72 billion by the year 2017.North America was the largest sleep apnea devices market, followed by Europe and Asia. North America will continue to lead the sleep apnea device market i n the next a few(prenominal) years, followed by Europe. The Asian characters contribution to the global sleep apnea device market is expected to pick up in the coming years, as the medical condition gets more recognition. The global sleep apnea devices market, which is broadly classified into Diagnostic Devices and Therapeutic Devices, is witnessing high competitive intensity.Segment rivalry is high, as there are a few well-established firms and several small firms with similar product offerings. The market is dominated by Philips Respironics and ResMed, Inc. , which jointly comprise 70% of the market. Fisher and Paykel Healthcare, CareFusion Corporation, Natus Medical Incorporated, DeVilbiss Healthcare, Weinmann Medical Devices, etc. are some of the other prominent players in the global sleep apnea devices market.